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The Second Crusade: How Europe’s Holy War Collapsed into Disaster

The Second Crusade: How Europe’s Holy War Collapsed into Disaster

The Fall of Jerusalem (1187): Saladin’s Triumph Over the Crusader Kingdoms

The Fall of Jerusalem (1187): Saladin’s Triumph Over the Crusader Kingdoms

Saladin Rises: The Unification of Muslim Power During the Crusades

Saladin Rises: The Unification of Muslim Power During the Crusades

Muslim Resistance to the Crusaders: Early Responses and Reorganization in the Islamic World

Muslim Resistance to the Crusaders: Early Responses and Reorganization in the Islamic World

The Boxer Protocol’s Role in the Fall of Imperial China: Indemnities, Occupation, and the End of the Qing Dynasty

The Boxer Protocol’s Role in the Fall of Imperial China: Indemnities, Occupation, and the End of the Qing Dynasty

Reforms After Defeat: How the Qing Tried to Modernize Too Late After the Boxer Protocol

Reforms After Defeat: How the Qing Tried to Modernize Too Late After the Boxer Protocol

National Humiliation and Chinese Public Memory of the Boxer Protocol: Trauma, Indemnity, and Identity

National Humiliation and Chinese Public Memory of the Boxer Protocol: Trauma, Indemnity, and Identity

Economic Consequences of the Boxer Indemnity on China: Fiscal Collapse, Foreign Control, and Reform

Economic Consequences of the Boxer Indemnity on China: Fiscal Collapse, Foreign Control, and Reform